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11 And they appointed commanders of forced labor over them in order to oppress them with their forced labor,[a] and they built storage cities for Pharaoh—Pithom and Rameses. 12 And as he oppressed them, so they became many, and so they spread out, and the Egyptians were afraid because of the presence of the Israelites.[b] 13 And the Egyptians ruthlessly compelled the Israelites[c] to work.

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Footnotes

  1. Exodus 1:11 Literally “burdens” or “burdensome labor”
  2. Exodus 1:12 Literally “sons/children of Israel”
  3. Exodus 1:13 Literally “sons/children of Israel”